Somali university students deterred by high fees rather than civil war
Monday, January 21, 2013
Laila Ali and Hamza Mohamed


For university students in Somalia, the threat of violence has been the biggest concern in recent years. But as peace returns to the capital, Mogadishu, high tuition fees rather than civil war are more of a barrier for students wishing to attend classes.


Despite the civil war that has lasted more than two decades, education remains key for many Somalis. "To be without knowledge is to be without light" is a popular Somali proverb. Rather than closing campuses, some universities chose to relocate at the height of the conflict – but many are now back in Mogadishu.

"Somalis are very resilient people. Despite the wars, famine and displacement, students and staff still turned up to classes. When our classes were destroyed, we taught under the trees. We refused to close our doors because you never know when war will end," says Professor Mohamed Abdiweli Ali, chancellor at the University of Somalia, who is also a presidential candidate and a former lecturer at King's College London.

The University of Somalia was the first to move from Mogadishu to Elasha Biyaha, just outside the capital. This was in 2006, during the Ethiopian invasion, when many students and staff faced harassment by both the Islamist al-Shabaab militia and Ethiopian troops.

"Ethiopian troops set up camp behind our campus. Our students were of a fighting age, and this proved to be a big problem for us," he says. "Ethiopian troops would accuse our students and staff of being al-Shabaab every morning as they passed through their checkpoint on their way to the university. And in the evening as they returned home, al-Shabaab, which controlled everywhere else, would accuse our students and staff of being Christians.

"We opened three campuses because some students had links to the government and were not able to attend some campuses, and other students had links to al-Shabaab and were not able to cross government lines to attend classes. So we had campuses behind all lines of the conflict."

Student numbers declined during the conflict, according to Abdiweli, but with improved security enrolment is now increasing. High demand for skilled and qualified workers in the thriving private sector means graduates do not have to worry about post-graduation employment and the downturn in the global economy.

Abdisalan Ali Adan is halfway through his bachelor's degree in business studies but has already found employment with Hormuud, a telecommunication company. "The people at Hormuud came to my university looking for interns. I was one of the people who applied, and after the internship ended I was offered a job. I now work part-time for them with the intention of becoming full-time staff when I graduate."

Sitting on a bench beneath a tree at the University of Somalia is a group of female medical students – a scene that was unthinkable just over a year ago, when socialising outdoors meant risking being hit by a stray bullet.

Amal Abdikarin is a first-year medical student. She says she no longer worries about al-Shabaab and bullets, but about her education fees. "Now my biggest problem is the $125 (£75) a month fee I have to pay to study. [That] is too much for my parents to pay."

All the universities operating in Somalia are run by the private sector and scholarships are few. According to a UN Development Programme (UNDP)-backed report published in 2010, approximately 43% of Somalia's population live below the poverty line. High fees have priced many potential students out of higher education.

Aweis Haddad, the secretary general for youth and labour, says the newly formed government recognises that fees are unaffordable for the average Somali and is making an effort to build new state universities and rebuild the government-owned ones that were destroyed during the war.

"I was educated free of charge and the government even gave me a living grant to study when I was growing up in Somalia," he says. "We would like to see that happening again. We are already making progress … There are 1,600 government-run primary schools; we did not have them [under government control] only a year ago. Soon we will start building state-owned universities that will be affordable to those academically able but financially challenged."

Increasing the number of girls in higher education is also a priority, he adds. Although there are many girls in primary schools because of free education, gender disparity rapidly increases from secondary school onwards.

Early marriages, class times and economic constraints contribute to higher drop-out rates for girls, according to the UNDP-backed report. "Girls make up 50% of the population; there is a need for them to be educated. Al-Shabaab prevented them from attending schools, but we will be encouraging it," says Haddad.

"I lived in London for many years. I know that, there, Somali girls were doing better in schools than boys, and I want the girls in Somalia to have the same access to education, to reach higher and higher until we have a female Somali president."

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Hai Run Electronic Science And Technology Co., Ltd established in 1995, was engaged in R&D, manufacturing and marketing various electronics, such as Radio Cassette

 Product Description

 ---Dongguan Hai Run Electronic Science and Technology Co., Ltd.
Radio Cassette Recorder
Created Date:2013-01-02
Posted Date : 2010-11-07
Expiry Date : 2011-08-04
Min. Order Quantity : 2000 Set(s)
Price Term : FOB
Price : 20 - 20
Payment Terms : T/T
Production Capacity : 20 Set(s) Per Month
Brief Product Description
Radio Cassette RecorderHR-4007U*FM/AM/SW1/SW2 4 Band Radio Cassette USB MP3/MWA player*Auto Stop*One Touch Recording*Built-in Speaker*Powerful
Speaker*FF/Rew Function*Stereo Earphong Jack:3.5mmAC:220V/50Hz DC:6V(UM-1*4)*Stereo Cassette Recorder*Beaut
 Product Attributes
Brand Name HAIRUN
Model Number HR-4007U
Place of Origin Guangdong China (Mainland)
 Detailed Product Description
No information has been provided.

Company Profile
Hai Run Electronic Science And Technology Co., Ltd established in 1995, was engaged in R&D, manufacturing and marketing various electronics, such as Radio Cassette
Recorder, radios, LCD TVs, DVD players, MP3, and MP4 and so on.
We have built our own brands "Hairun" and "Rosing", which are very famous in China, Africa and Middle East, meanwhile, good OEM services also gain a great reputation
for our company.
Our head office is in Dongguan,China, and we have branches in Yiwu (Zhejiang, China), Urumchi (Xingjiang, China), Dubai (United Arab Emirates) , Almaty
(Kazakhstan), Bishkek ,osh (Kyrgyzstan). our own independent industry park is located in Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan).
Our products have been distributing to Mid-East, Mid-Asia, Africa,South Africa, East Europ. We have already built long-term business cooperative relationship with clients
from UAE,Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan. Now, we are trying to enlarge Africa market and have achieved outstanding progress with our good reputation. Any interest or
requirement, please feel free to contact with us!
Company Name : Dongguan Hai Run Electronic Science and Technology Co., Ltd.
page 1


 Product Description
 ---Dongguan Hai Run Electronic Science and Technology Co., Ltd.
Contact Name : fang zhou
Tel : 86-769-21680363
Fax : 86-769-22820855
Address : HuiCheng Building1207, HongHu Road No102, NanCheng, Dongguan, China
Province/State : Guangdong
Country/Region : China (Mainland)
Website : http://dg-krdz.en.gongchang.com
page 2

Video Trade DJibouti La bravoure des Djiboutiennes .

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Tetley Tea Black tea with flavours

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Top tips for starting your own business

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16595152

Start-up Stories from AsiaOpen Foldout

• Aneace Haddad, Taggo
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Start-up Stories from the USOpen Foldout

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Start-up Stories from the UKOpen Foldout

Coffee Barista Training and Coffee Business - Barista Championships

Africa's champion barista Roberts Mbabazi from Uganda, a nation of tea-drinkers, which is one of the world's biggest producers of Robusta beans.

Mr Mbabazi started his company, Barista Pro Coffee, in 2010.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21051226

"You want to start up a roasting company, I'll advise you on the clientele in the country, what kind of coffee they want, what kind of roast profile they want,"

"If you are a young kid and you want to get some practical skills, I'll train you as a barista so that you can get something to do with your life.

Barista training course held by the Uganda Coffee Development Authority.

• A significant part of that money was used to buy espresso machines and other equipment.

US firm creates text-powered 'robotic barista' coffee maker
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18166907

Seattle-based Zipwhip's Textspresso can send and receive, allowing coffee drinkers to text their order directly to the machine to pick up later.

The machine itself is a standard coffee maker manufactured by Jura.
In lieu of a human operator, the machine is activated using a specially programmed Arduino microcontroller.

Arduino is an open-source platform used for prototyping interactive electronics.
Zipwhip were able to write computer code to interpret the instructions sent in via text message. The system made use of Zipwhip's own Android mobile app.

 SeattleCoffeeGear called it

Life as a young brewer revealed

Coffee course needn't be a grind

 

 

Cornwall College's 20-hour barista skills course will start at the Camborne Campus in November. Students will be taught to grind coffee beans and prepare drinks including latte, cappuccino, espresso, tea and hot chocolate.   The college says many other countries expect cafe job applicants to hold barista qualifications.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/7006774.stm



The regional heats of the UK Barista - or coffee making expert - Championships take place in Bristol

Course elements History of coffee-making Coffee grinding Customer care Use of equipment Areas of coffee production

Course elements History of coffee-making Coffee grinding Customer care Use of equipment Areas of coffee production

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African Religions: World Religions Series, Narrator Ben Kingsley

STYLEISLAM IS FASHION CO. THAT CATERS TO MUSLIM YOUTH MARKET NICHE

The idea behind the German-based Styleislam apparel label is to combine modern urban designs with traditional Muslim religious messages. To say this is fashion that makes a statement, is an understatement.

Muslim by Nature, Styleislam. Child's Hoodie, $21.90

Founder Melih Kesmen started his project three years ago in response to the scandal over caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed printed in a Danish newspaper.

Melih Kesmen, Styleislam Founder

At the time, Kesmen was living in London with his wife, Yeliz. “The publication of the drawings angered me, but I was also really annoyed by the reaction from our side, the Muslim side,” said Kesmen. In lots of Muslim countries around the world, violent demonstrations were held and Danish flags were then burned.

Alakhira The Final Destination Retro Tee. $24.90

“So I thought, there must be a way to respond creatively and productively, in a peaceful way,” added Kesmen. And so a T-shirt printed with the message “I Love My Prophet”, was created.
He came across people who were wanting to buy the shirt off his back. And so like any smart entrepreneur (and qualified graphic designer), he launched the line. Today he has a profitable business and employees, but still keeps the holy atmosphere he’s been accustomed to keeping.  Kesmen encourages religious observance amongst his customers and at work.
A popular Muslim rapper from Germany, Ammar 114, promotes for Styleislam, which has reportedly boosted the label’s popularity with young believers.

Muslima Wallpaper by Styleislam

Styleislam caters to women as well. From their blog, promoting wallpaper for your PC:
“You’re tired of being characterized by one side as an oppressed woman with a grim countenance? And you’re also fed up with being portrayed by the other as a princess out of 1001 Nights? Then you are a Muslima with an aesthetic inclination. Don’t worry, don’t let your head droop. STYLEISLAM® has come to your aid.”
How is Styleislam being received? Kasmen has gotten threatening phone calls over one tshirt’s slogan “Jesus was a Muslim.” He defends it proudly, saying: “Jesus was one of the greatest prophets in Islam and his message wasn’t actually any different than the Prophet Mohammed’s.”
Kesmen ends with an insightful observation on marketing and the message:  “If someone doesn’t understand, maybe it’ll make them curious and it will spark a conversation about the phrase”.

Terrorism Has No Religion, Styleislam. $19.90

Styleislam is available here.
Let’s hear your

The Mitsibushi Rosa Mini Bus- For the African Market

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Concept : Vehical Spare parts Business

Henna Links and History and Types

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Henna, the Joyous Body Art: the Encyclopedia of Henna*  is a growing, evolving online reference resource for information and articles on the art, science, traditions, and history of Henna through its 9000 year development. Index of Articles, Titles and Keywords Use your "find in page" function to search for keywords Menstruation and Henna: Pollution and Purification ~ Henna’s role in Muslim Traditions Regarding Reproductive Blood http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/HennaMenstruation.pdf 2MB download This paper explores the fundamental connection between henna and women's fertility, why henna is regarded as lucky and blessed, and why henna traditions have remained stable since the Bronze age. /henna  traditions history  fertility  women   luck   baraka   menstruation  pollution   purification  Evil Eye   ceremony / The Techniques of Persian Henna http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/Persian_Henna_Techniques.pdf 8MB download This paper demonstrates that women’s hand and foot markings in pictorial and literary Persian art between the late 15th century and the mid 19th are representations of henna body art, and that this interpretation of the markings is corroborated by Persian literature and traveler’s descriptions.   The representations are idealized but plausible representations of henna, and they demonstrate the technical processes and social uses of henna art in Persia. These depictions can also be read for class, gender, and the evolving Persian concept of ideal women’s beauty into the period of increased European influence on style in the Qajar dynasty. / henna   traditions  Persia  Safavid   chemistry  Orientalism   Iran / The Patterns of Persian Henna http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/Persian_Henna_Patterns.pdf 16MB download This paper demonstrates that women’s hand and foot markings in pictorial and literary Persian art between the 13th century and the mid 19th are representations of henna body art, and that the henna patterns mirror the arts of the period that would have been familiar to women in their daily lives: ceramic tiles from the mosque and the baths, the woodwork in their homes, their clothing, carpets, amulets, and talismans.  The manuscript representations are idealized but plausible representations of henna patterns within the limits of scale of miniature art.  These depictions can also be read for class, gender, and the narrative of social relationships. / henna   traditions  Persia  Safavid   patterns  magic  Orientalism   Iran / Henna and the Evil Eye, Salt and Demons, and the Geography of G6PD Deficiency http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/geog6pd.5.pdf 2MB download Traditions of averting malevolent spirits with henna and salt to may have altered the incidence of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in populations across the North Africa, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. The geographic distribution of G6PD deficiency, an x-linked hereditary enzymopathy, has been correlated to populations’ adaptation to malarial environments, but this has not fully explained the variations in the gene’s distribution.  For instance, Jewish Sephardim and Mizrahim have 30% to 60% of G6PD deficiency while Muslims from the same countries have rates of 1.8% to 8.5%.  Recently, physicians have found that G6PD deficient neonates and young children, particularly males, who have been hennaed according to local blessing and curing traditions in Turkish and Bedouin Muslim cultures, suffer hyperbilirubinemia and acute hemolytic crisis. In Jewish traditions in the same regions, children were traditionally rubbed with salt rather than henna.  This paper proposes that traditions of using henna versus salt as celebration and folk remedies for children may have changed the genetic prevalence of G6PD over generations. / henna   salt  traditions  G6PD-deficiency   malaria   indigo  evil eye  Lilith / Henna’s Significance in Amazigh Id, Circumcision and "Night of the Henna" Celebrations http://www.tapdancinglizard.com/biblos/significanceofhenna1/sighenna.pdf Before the modern era, Moroccan villagers applied henna for Id al-Adha, circumcision, and the “Night of the Henna".  This paper establishes the common ground of these events, and the importance of henna in the celebrations, based on eyewitness accounts from the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. /traditions   Eid   Id   Islam   Amazigh    Berber Morocco sacrifice  celebration ritual   night of the henna  evil eye  ceremony/   Developing Guidelines on Henna: a Geographical Approach http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/mastersessay/index.html This is a master's thesis: a comprehensive discussion on the botany, chemistry, history and traditions of henna, and the legal and cutural issues that have arisen since 1990. /history   botany   chemistry   immigration  PPD   law  origins   tattoo   scarification     skin   import/ Id al-Adha: The Ecological and Nutritional Impact of the Muslim Feast of Sacrifice, and the Significance of Henna in this Sacrifice. http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/id/idsacrifice.html This paper details Id sacrifice traditions and effects, focusing on henna and ecosystem management, from its origins in the Neolithic Mediterranean world, to present day. /traditions   Eid   Id   Islam  sacrifice  celebration  Hajj   ceremony/   Khidab:  http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/khidab/injuries.html Be cautious when testing "traditional, natural" cosmetics. 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PDF, 54 pages,  5 MB download /India   Indian  Gujarat    bride    mehndi   groom   sangeet    pithi    ring ceremony  traditions/ Rangoli: Elder Women Creating Sacred Geographyhttp://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/rangoli/index.html This is an article by Catherine Cartwright-Jones on rangoli and its importance in the lives of elder Hindu women, “how - to” create large rangoli, and about 70 traditional rangoli patterns from different areas in India. /traditions   rangoli    mandana   kolam    India  Hindu  women   ritual    wedding   blessing/ Guidelines for hennaing Pregnant Women (and for hennaing while pregnant!) by Catharine Hinton http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/pregbirth/index.html /pregnancy  G6PD deficiency  warnings   business   childbirth   health  motherhood/ Lailet al Hinna fi Sharq’ia: Night of the Henna in Sharq’ia by Penni AlZayer http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/saudi/Sharqialayat.pdf /bride   Saudi  Arabia   dough resist    henaya  Arabian 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eid   id   Islam   Muslim   feast   belly/ Mehandi by Dipti Desai http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/indwed/ /weddings   India   traditions   Dipti   gilding   zardosi   culture   bride   groom/ Mehandi by Dipti Desai: Paste only http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/indwed/desai/mehandi1.html /Indian   Rajwadi   Arabic   patterns   styles   traditions   floral   scenes/ Mehandi by Dipti Desai: Shading http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/indwed/desai/mehandi2.html /shaded   Geru   Hiramoti   patterns   styles   traditions   floral   scenes/ Mehandi by Dipti Desai: Paste only http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/indwed/desai/mehandi3.html /Chundana   Zardosi   gilding   gems   rhinestones   placement   patterns/        Mehandi by Dipti Desai: Paste only http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/indwed/desai/mehandi4.html /Anokhi   Soneri   gilding   gems   rhinestones   placement   patterns/ The Naun: The Barber's Wifehttp://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/nai/index.html /Henna Artist   Nai   Naun  barber   caste    blind    India/ Jewish Henna Traditions from Kurdistan http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/ /Jewish   Kurd   Kurdistan   traditions   betrothal   bride   death   circumcision/ Circumcision in Jewish Kurdistan http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/circ.html /circumcision   jewish   kurdistan   boys   traditions   indigo/ Kurdish Jewish Bride's Betrothal Henna Traditions http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/betrothal.html /Jewish   Kurdish   engagement   bride   groom   marriage/ Kurdish Jewish Bride's Lel Hinne Bedulge:  "the False Henna Night" http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/bridalfalse.html /Jewish   Kurd   Kurdistan   traditions   bride   superstition/ A Kurdish Jewish Bride's Lel Hanna "Night of the Henna" http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/bridalnoh.html /Jewish   Kurd   Kurdistan   traditions   bride   wedding/ Circumcision in Jewish Kurdistan http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/circ.html /circumcision   jewish   kurdistan   boys   traditions   indigo/ Jewish Henna Traditions for the Death of a Young Man http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/deadboy.html /Jewish   Kurd   Kurdistan   death   male   man   tradition   customs/ Kurdistani Jewish Henna Traditions for the Death of a Young Woman http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/deadgirl.html /Jewish   Kurd   Kurdistan   death   woman   girl   tradition   customs/ Kurdish Jewish Bridegroom's Lel Hanna "the Night of the Henna" http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/groomnoh.html /Jewish   Kurd   Kurdistan   traditions   groom   bridegroom   wedding/ Henna for Purim in Jewish Kurdistan: The Bath of the Maidens http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/purimbath.html /Jewish   Kurdish   Purim   Girls    Children    Esther / Lawsone http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/lawsonia/ /chemistry   molecule   hydroxy   naphthoquinone   stratum corneum   alkaline/ Health and Henna http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/medical/ /health   medical   papers   chemotherapy   bilirubin   safety   caution/ Henna in the Ancient Egyptian Pharmacopoeia:  The Ebers Papyrus http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/medical/ebers.html /Egypt   remedies   Thebes   cyperus   kuperos   Osiris   toes   eyes   teeth/ Henna and  Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/medical/g6pd.html /haemolytic   anemia   infants   children   hyperbilirubinemia/ Neonatal Henna and Bilirubin Levels http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/medical/neonatal.html /babies   children   bilirubin   premature   Hyperbilirubinemia   G6PD-deficient/    Henna for Accuracy and Comfort in Radiotherapy http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/medical/radiotherapy.html /radiotherapy   tumor   isocenter   tattoo   marker/ Henna and Chemotherapy http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/medical/chemo/ /cancer   chemotherapy   baldness   hair loss   pattern/        Regale Unguentum: Parthian Royal Ointment http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/parthian/ /Assyria   Parthia   Persia   Men   Ointment   Hair/ Green Dye and Additives in Henna Powder http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/processing/greendye.html /additive   green dye   polishing   testing   azo dye/ Henna traditions for the end of Ramadan:  "Id al-Fitr" http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/ramadan/ /Ramadan   Islam   Muslim   new moon   tradition   culture   donkey   women   children   celebration/ Ramadan:  New Moon patterns http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/ramadan/idnm1.html /moon   lunar   pattern   Afganistan   Afgani   Kuchi   feet   foot/ Ramadan:  New Moon patterns http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/ramadan/idnm2.html /moon   lunar   pattern   Afganistan   Afgani   Kuchi   hand/ Ramadan:  New Moon patterns http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/ramadan/idnm3.html /moon   lunar   pattern   Afganistan   Afgani   Kuchi   hand/ Ramadan:  New Moon patterns http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/ramadan/idnm4.html /moon   lunar   pattern   Afganistan   Afgani   Kuchi   hand/ Ramadan:  New Moon patterns http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/ramadan/idnm5.html /moon   lunar   pattern   Afganistan   Afgani   Kuchi   foot   feet/ Ramadan:  New Moon patterns http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/ramadan/idnm6.html /moon   lunar   pattern   Afganistan   Afgani   Kuchi   hand/ The Science of Henna and Skin http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/ /stratum   staining   chemistry   dark skin   palms   soles   dermis   exfoliation/ Henna and Scars http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/scars/ /scarring   fading   exfoliation   staining   glassy skin   surgical scar/ Mapping Henna Stains on Your Skin http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/skinzones/bodstain1.html             /staining   darker   darkness   map   areas   skin   thickness   dermis/ Henna and Skin Stratum Corneum: ~The Science of Henna and Skin~ http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/ /stratum   staining   chemistry   dark skin   palms   soles   dermis   exfoliation/ Stratum Corneum: What is your skin made of, and how is it made? http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/sc1.html /keratin   membrane   skin   layers   cells   spinous   basal   dermis   epidermis/ Stratum Corneum: How does henna stain your skin? http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/sc2.html /lawsone   tannin   hennotannin   dye   molecules   spinous   basal   dermis/ Stratum Corneum: Why does the henna stain get dark? http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/sc3.html /oxidize   saturation   alkaline   molecules   skin   cells   dermis/ Stratum Corneum: Why are there places where the  henna stain never gets dark and disappears fast? http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/sc4.html /dorsum   keratin   skin layers   cells   thickness   alkaline   molecules/ Stratum Corneum: Why do henna stains on the the palms and soles last a long time?  http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/sc5.html /lawsone   keratin   skin layers   cells   thickness   alkaline   molecules/ Stratum Corneum: What are those last orange traces, and why do they seem to last forever? http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/sc6.html /lawsone   keratin   skin layers   cells   thickness   alkaline   molecules/ Stratum Corneum: Henna Stains: Day 1 http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/scd1.html /lawsone   keratin   skin layers   cells   thickness   stain   oxidize/    Stratum Corneum:  Henna Stains: Day 3 http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/scd2.html /lawsone   keratin   skin layers   cells   thickness   stain   molecules/ Stratum Corneum: Henna Stains: Day 7 http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/scd3.html /lawsone   keratin   skin layers   cells   thickness   stain   fade   demise/ Stratum Corneum: Henna Stains: Day 14 http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/scd4.html /lawsone   keratin   skin layers   cells   thickness   stain   demise   fade/ Stratum Corneum:  The Science of Henna and Skin http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/scdays.html /lawsone   keratin   skin layers   cells   days  alkaline   molecules/ Stratum Corneum: Why doesn't a henna stain last forever like a tattoo? http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/sce.html /exfoliation   regeneration   lawsone   dermis   epidermis   dry skin/ Skin Stain Map http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/skin.pdf /map   printout   dark   darker   stain   blackberry/ Stratum Corneum: What happens if you get henna below the stratum corneum? http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/stratum/spot.html /scar   sores   wound   scratch   pigment   lawsone   molecule   epidermis/ Henna as a Sunblock http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/sunblock/ /pictures   Melanocytes   melanin   pigmentation   pigment   epidermis/ Henna as a Sunblock http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/skin/sunblock/sunblock.html /Melanocytes   melanin   pigmentation   pigment   epidermis/ Henna and Jnun http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/spirits/ /jnun   djin   djinn   genie   malevolent  jinniya   jenniya   cat   tortoise   cyclone   culture   folklore/ Patterns for Henna and Jnun http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/spirits/spiritpatterns.html /protection   warding   tortoise   wolf   jnun   djin   djinn   genie/ Paste from Fresh Henna Leaves http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/stoneground/ /grind   fresh   tamarind   lemon   catechu   simple   patterns/ Henna and Saccharides http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/sugars/ /hydrocarbons   sugar   jaggery   honey   fructose   dextrose   sucrose/ Shopping for Fructose and Dextrose http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/sugars/katerant.html /glucose   dextrose   sucrose   fructose   syrup   maltodextrin   shopping   finding/ Dextrose and Grainy Henna Paste http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/sugars/stir/ /dextrose   fructose   sucrose   mixing   picture   sugar/ Turkish Henna http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/ /ottoman   hamam   bath   bathhouse   tradition   Turkey   culture/ Henna and the End of the Ottoman Empire http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/endofottoman.html /culture   history   tradition   Ataturk   cosmetic   beauty   Anatolia/ Turkey:  Henna and the Ottoman Hamam http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/hamam.html /Turkey   Ottoman   hamam   bathhouse   women   beauty/   Henna in 16th Century Turkey http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/ottowomen.html /Codex Vindobonensis   manuscript   illustration   cosmetic   beauty   Turkey   ottoman/        Turkoman Henna http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/turkoman.html /shirin   nizami   shiraz   patterns   turkey   ottoman   cosmetic   beauty/ Turkish Village Henna: Cord Resist http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/stringresist/ /cord resist    Turkey    Eid al-Adha    village  history   lace    sprang/ Turkish Night of the Henna: Symbolism and Practice in the Late 20th Century http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/seedandsoil.html /coin resist     cord resist      Kina Gecesi     Turkish village     men's Night of the Henna/ 19th Century Turkish Kina Gecesi http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/turkish/turkishnoh.html /Lucy M. Garnett    Fanny Davis    marriage   harem   Ottoman    coins    Night of the Henna/ Henna and War http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/war/ /war   martyrdom   celebration   killing   victory   history/ Anath Hennas Her Hands to Celebrate Baal's Victory over Mot http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/war/anathvsmot.html /Anath    Baal    War    Virgin Goddess   Mot   Bronze Age   Syria   Ugaritic/ Henna and the Insurrection in the Hadramaut http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/war/hadramaut.html /Yemen   Mohammed   Caliph   Abu Bakr   protest   rebellion   history/ The Hennaed Guerrilla Fighters in Jerusalem, 70 CE http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/war/josephus.html /Flavius Josephus   Jew   Jewish   Palestine   transvestite   history/ Hennaed Fingernails for Upper Class Men and Military Officers in Zand and Qajar Iran http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/war/talons.html /Iran   Shiraz   Qajar   Zand   men   fingernails   customs   Jubber Kahn   Afganistan/ The Warrior's Wife Calls the Henna Artist for Victory or Suttee http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/war/warsuttee.html /battle   customs   India   suttee   outcome   Nai   Nayan/ Judith and Holoferneshttp://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/war/judith/index.html /henna   myrtle    Judith   Jewish    Hanukkah    victory     war    traditions/ The Neolithic and Bronze Age Origins of Henna http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/anath/         /ancient culture   traditions   god   goddess   bronze age   neolithic/ Anath, the Virgin Warrior Goddess:  Victory,  Henna and Grain http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/anath/anathwheatmot.html /Anath   Virgin Goddess   Fertility   Grains   War   Bronze Age   Baal   Ugaritic/ Step by Step: The Bride's Hand: Artist: Riffat Bahar 14 MB wmv Watch Riffat Bahar create magnificent patterns on a bride's hand! http://www.hennaconference.com/projects/riffat_hand1.wmv /bridal henna    how to     mehndi      artist     Riffat Bahar     excellence    India   South Asia/ "Artist at Work" Kim Brennan (40MB wmv file) Watch a henna artist create beautiful henna patterns! http://www.hennapage.com/projects/artist_kimb.wmv /bridal henna    how to     mehndi      artist     Kim Brennan     excellence    India   Hindu/ Meet the Artist: Kim Brennan  (11 MB wmv file) Watch the author of Mehndi Masala create one of the lovely patterns from her book! http://www.hennapage.com/projects/kimb_masala.wmv /bridal henna    how to     mehndi      artist     Kim Brennan     excellence    India   Hindu/   Mehndi Masala/ Can't find what you're looking for?  Try: The Henna Page Main Index  http://www.hennapage.com/henna/mainindex.html   *"Henna, the Joyous Body Art"  the Encyclopedia of Henna Catherine Cartwright-Jones c 2000  registered with the US Library of Congress TXu 952-968

The Henna Page Logo Copyright © 2005,  by Alex Morgan:  Spellstone Unless otherwise noted, all material on this Website Copyright © 2003, 2004, 2005, by Catherine Cartwright-Jones info@mehandi.com The Henna Page title graphics Copyright © 2003,  by Gwyneddh Jones

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Health and Henna Henna and Chemotherapy Henna as a Marker for Radiotherapy Neonatal Henna and Bilirubin Levels G6PD Deficiency and Henna Henna in Ancient Egyptian Pharmacopoeia  Medical Papers regarding henna online: Skin Decorations in East African Patients   Elinor A. Graham, MD, MPH, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA Henna causes life threatening haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency  P Raupp, J Ali Hassan, M Varughese, B Kristiansson Department of Paediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,  Buraimi Hospital, Al Buraimi, Oman,  Oasis Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates Poisoning from henna dye and para-phenylenediamine mixtures in children in Khartoum. Sir Hashim M, Hamza YO, Yahia B, Khogali FM, Sulieman GI. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Henna Induced Acute Hemolysis in a G6PD-Deficient Patient: A Case Report  Murat Söker, MD; Celal Devecioglu, MD; Kenan Haspolat, MD; Bünyamin Dikicl, MD; Ömer Dogru, MD © Miami Children’s Hospital 2000 Related materials:  Khidab: http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/khidab/injuries.html Be cautious when testing "traditional, natural" cosmetics. In some countries, traditional cosmetics have very little, if any, standards and regulations for safety. /khidab  black henna  PPD  allergic reaction Yemen/ Kohl: http://www.hennapage.com/harquuspdfs/kohlintro.pdf Henna and tattooing have been used in combination with black eye and eyebrow cosmetics since the Bronze Age. Eye paints were nearly universal across North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. The black paint provided relief from the glaring sun and reflection from the sand before sunglasses were invented. Lamp-black was the most common source of pigment, though galena, (lead sulphide), and stibnite (an antimony compound), were also used for black, and copper compounds for blues and greens. These metals were toxic to bacteria carried by flies and contaminated water, so they provided some relief from conjunctivitis and other bacterial eye infections. The irritation from having soot in one’s eyes caused tearing, which kept the eyes washed clean of contaminants, grit, and bacteria. However, these toxic metals also entered the bloodstream of the wearer and the traditional formulae with these metals should never be used when there is safer cosmetic eye paint available. Can't find what you're looking for?  Try: The Henna Page Main Index  http://www.hennapage.com/henna/mainindex.html   *"Henna, the Joyous Body Art"  the Encyclopedia of Henna Catherine Cartwright-Jones c 2000  registered with the US Library of Congress TXu 952-968

The Henna Page Logo Copyright © 2005,  by Alex Morgan:  Spellstone Unless otherwise noted, all material on this Website Copyright © 2003, 2004, 2005, by Catherine Cartwright-Jones info@mehandi.com The Henna Page title graphics Copyright © 2003,  by Gwyneddh Jones

 

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The History of Henna and Hair
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Turkish Henna in the 19th century, and Exports to Europe Madame Patti's Henna, late 19th century Diva PPD warnings in New York City, 1928 PurePact Henna Leaves, about 1930Henna Instructions from a 1940 Textbook for Beauticians

 

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Henna For Hair is devoted to the art and science of dying hair with natural dyes.  Natural hair dyes are good for your health, and good for your planet! Can't find what you're looking for here? Try the Henna For Hair Main Index

For more information on henna as body art, see The Henna Page Logo by Alex Morgan:  Spellstone © 2005 All material unless otherwise noted by Catherine Cartwright-Jones © 2003, 2004, 2005 info@mehandi.com Title Graphics  by Gwyneddh Jones © 2003 thou shalt not steal.